A practice buys a drug that costs more than the visit, gives it to a patient whose weight decides the units, and finds out afterwards whether the plan agreed to pay for the drug, the chair and the nurse or only some of those. That is oncology. It is also rheumatology, the MS side of neurology, and the infusion suite of a GI practice. Pediatrics is the same shape at the other end of the price list: the dose is a vaccine, the stock it came out of decides whether the product is yours to bill at all, and the administration is counted per component rather than per injection. The drug names change. The machinery does not.
Orthopedics, OB/GYN and dentistry are a different discipline and we would rather say so than file them under the same heading to make the list look tidy. Their money leaks inside bundled periods, in equipment and devices carried on the practice balance sheet, and in documentation that did not keep up with what actually happened in the room. Where they do touch buy-and-bill, in viscosupplementation and in contraceptive devices, they behave exactly like the drugs above.
Dentistry is the odd one, and it is worth being straight about why it is here. Nothing about it resembles a drug claim. It is on this list because it fails the way the rest of this site is built around: quietly, in a place nobody is looking. A dental plan has a ceiling and pays the cheaper version of the treatment when it can, so the loss arrives as an underpayment rather than a denial and never reaches a denial report. And the most valuable work a dental practice does, the surgical and medically necessary end of it, belongs on a medical claim. Those two habits are the same habit: read the remittance, and send the claim to the carrier that owes it.